Modals: can, must, have to
Modal feillər: can, must, have to
After this lesson you can
- Can talk about ability and permission with can / can't and could (past ability).
- Can express obligation and rules with must and have to.
- Can understand the difference between mustn't (prohibition) and don't have to (no obligation).
Explanation
Modal verbs
can and must have one form for all persons, take a base verb without to, and make questions/negatives without do: She can swim. Can you help? I mustn't forget.
can / could
Ability (She can speak three languages), permission and requests (Can I use your phone? You can't park here). Past ability: could / couldn't.
must / have to
Both express obligation. must is often the speaker's feeling or a written rule; have to is an obligation from outside (job, law). have to changes like a normal verb: has to, had to, don't have to. The past is always had to.
mustn't vs don't have to
- mustn't = it is not allowed: You mustn't smoke here.
- don't have to = it is not necessary: You don't have to come.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Modal feillərin xüsusiyyətləri
can və must modal feillərdir:
- bütün şəxslər üçün eyni formada olur: he can (✗ he cans), she must
- sonra to olmadan əsas feil gəlir: I can swim (✗ I can to swim)
- inkar və sual do olmadan qurulur: I can't drive. Can you help me?
can / can't / could
- Bacarıq: She can speak three languages., O, üç dil bilir.
- **İcazə və xahiş : *** Can I use your phone?*, Telefonundan istifadə edə bilərəm? You can't park here.
- Keçmişdə bacarıq: could / couldn't, I could swim when I was five.
must və have to, məcburiyyət
- must, çox vaxt danışanın öz fikri, qayda, yazılı qadağa/tələb: I must call my mum. Passengers must wear seat belts.
- have to, xarici səbəbdən məcburiyyət (qayda, iş, qanun): I have to wear a uniform at work. She has to get up at six.
- have to adi feil kimi dəyişir: has to, had to, don't have to, Do you have to...?
- Keçmişdə yalnız had to: Yesterday I had to work late. (✗ musted)
mustn't və don't have to, fərq çox vacibdir!
| mustn't | don't have to |
|---|---|
| **qadağandır **, etmə! | məcbur deyilsən, istəsən edərsən |
| You mustn't smoke here., Burada siqaret çəkmək olmaz. | You don't have to come., Gəlməyə məcbur deyilsən. |
Azərbaycan dilində "etməməlisən" və "etməyə ehtiyac yoxdur" fərqi kimi düşünün.
Tipik səhvlər
- ✗ I must to go → ✓ I must go
- ✗ He can speaks → ✓ He can speak
- ✗ Do you can swim? → ✓ Can you swim?
Examples
My little brother can count to a hundred.
Kiçik qardaşım yüzə qədər saya bilir.
bacarıq
Can I open the window?
Pəncərəni aça bilərəm?
icazə
I couldn't sleep last night because of the noise.
Səs-küyə görə dünən gecə yata bilmədim.
Students must turn off their phones in the exam.
Tələbələr imtahanda telefonlarını söndürməlidirlər.
She has to work on Saturdays.
O, şənbə günləri işləməli olur.
You mustn't touch that. It's hot!
Ona toxunma! İstidir!
qadağa
We don't have to wear a uniform at our school.
Bizim məktəbdə forma geyinmək məcburi deyil.
məcburiyyət yoxdur
Common mistakes
I must to finish this today.
I must finish this today.
Modal feildən sonra 'to' işlənmir.
She can speaks English.
She can speak English.
can-dan sonra feil əsas formada olur, -s artırılmır.
Do you can help me?
Can you help me?
can ilə sualda do işlənmir.
You mustn't come tomorrow, it's a holiday.
You don't have to come tomorrow, it's a holiday.
Məna 'məcbur deyilsən'dir, 'qadağandır' yox → don't have to.
Yesterday I must work late.
Yesterday I had to work late.
must-un keçmiş forması yoxdur; had to işlənir.
Vocabulary
- allowed adjective
- permittedicazə verilən“Phones aren't allowed in the exam room.”
- fill in phrasal verb
- to write information in a formdoldurmaq (blank, anket)“You have to fill in this form.”
- necessary adjective
- neededzəruri, lazımlı“It isn't necessary to bring food.”
- on time phrase
- at the planned time, not latevaxtında“The train left on time.”
- rule noun
- something that says what you must or must not doqayda“You have to follow the school rules.”
- seat belt noun
- a belt in a car that keeps you safetəhlükəsizlik kəməri“You must wear a seat belt.”
- smoke verb
- to breathe in smoke from a cigarettesiqaret çəkmək“He used to smoke a lot.”
- uniform noun
- special clothes for school or workforma (geyim)“Nurses have to wear a uniform.”