Relative clauses: who, which, that, where
Təyini budaq cümlələr: who, which, that, where
After this lesson you can
- Can join two simple sentences with who, which, that and where.
- Can define people, things and places with relative clauses.
- Can avoid repeating the pronoun inside a relative clause.
Explanation
Defining relative clauses
A relative clause tells us which person, thing or place we mean. It comes after the noun.
- who for people: the teacher who helped me
- which for things: the bus which goes to the airport
- that for people or things (common in speaking): the film that we watched
- where for places: the shop where I work
Do not repeat the pronoun: the car which I bought (not which I bought it).
You can leave out who/which/that when it is the object: the book (that) I'm reading. You cannot leave it out when it is the subject: the man who called.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Nə üçündür?
Təyini budaq cümlə bir ismi dəqiqləşdirir: hansı adam, hansı əşya, hansı yer?
- The woman who lives next door is a nurse. – Qonşuluqda yaşayan qadın tibb bacısıdır.
Azərbaycan dilində bunu çox vaxt feili sifətlə deyirik və təyin isimdən əvvəl gəlir: qonşuluqda yaşayan qadın. İngilis dilində isə əksinədir: əvvəl isim, sonra who/which/that ilə budaq cümlə gəlir.
Hansı sözü seçək?
| Söz | Nə üçün | Nümunə |
|---|---|---|
| who | insanlar | the man who called |
| which | əşyalar, heyvanlar | the bag which I bought |
| that | insanlar və əşyalar (danışıqda çox işlənir) | the film that we saw |
| where | yerlər | the café where we met |
İki cümləni birləşdirmək
- I have a friend. She speaks four languages. → I have a friend who speaks four languages.
- This is the hotel. We stayed there. → This is the hotel where we stayed.
Əvəzliyi təkrarlamayın
who/which/that artıq əvəzliyin yerini tutur. Ona görə əlavə he, she, it işlətmək olmaz:
- ✗ The phone which I bought it yesterday is broken.
- ✓ The phone which I bought yesterday is broken.
who/that-ı buraxmaq olar?
Əgər who/which/that budaq cümlədə obyektdirsə, onu buraxmaq olar:
- The book (that) I'm reading is great. – düzgündür. Amma subyektdirsə, buraxmaq olmaz:
- The man who called you – who mütləqdir.
where və which
where yer bildirir və ondan sonra tam cümlə (subyekt + feil) gəlir: the city where I was born. Amma feil obyekt tələb edirsə, yer olsa belə which/that işlənir: the city which I visited (visit + nəyi?).
Examples
A pilot is a person who flies planes.
Pilot təyyarə idarə edən adamdır.
This is the phone which I bought last week.
Bu, keçən həftə aldığım telefondur.
Do you know the restaurant where we had dinner on Friday?
Cümə günü şam yeməyi yediyimiz restoranı tanıyırsan?
The film that we watched was really funny.
İzlədiyimiz film çox gülməli idi.
I have a cousin who works in Germany.
Almaniyada işləyən bir əmioğlum var.
The song you sent me is beautiful.
Mənə göndərdiyin mahnı çox gözəldir.
that buraxılıb, çünki obyektdir.
Baku is the city where I was born.
Bakı doğulduğum şəhərdir.
Common mistakes
The man which lives here is a doctor.
The man who lives here is a doctor.
İnsanlar üçün which yox, who (və ya that) işlənir.
The book that I read it was boring.
The book that I read was boring.
that artıq obyektin yerini tutur, it təkrar edilmir.
This is the school which I studied.
This is the school where I studied.
study feili obyekt götürmür, burada yer bildirilir – where lazımdır (və ya which I studied at).
I have a friend speaks English.
I have a friend who speaks English.
who subyekt olanda buraxıla bilməz.
Vocabulary
- be born phrase
- to start your lifedoğulmaq“This is the house where my father was born.”
- customer noun
- a person who buys goods from a shop or businessmüştəri, alıcı“The shop has many loyal customers.”
- describe verb
- to say what something or someone is liketəsvir etmək“Can you describe the man who took your bag?”
- stranger noun
- a person you do not knowyad adam, tanımadığın adam“A stranger is someone who you don't know.”
- tool noun
- a thing that you use to do a jobalət“A hammer is a tool which you use to hit nails.”
- village noun
- a very small town in the countrysidekənd“That's the village where my grandparents live.”