Modals of deduction: must, might, can't
Ehtimal və nəticə bildirən modal fellər: must, might, can't
After this lesson you can
- Can express how sure they are about a present situation using must, might, may, could and can't.
- Can make logical deductions from evidence.
- Can distinguish must for obligation from must for deduction.
Explanation
How sure are you?
- must = I'm almost sure it's true: She must be tired.
- might / may / could = it's possible: He might be at the gym.
- can't = I'm almost sure it's not true: That can't be right.
Use modal + infinitive or modal + be + -ing for actions happening now: They must be having dinner.
The opposite of deduction must is **can't **, not **mustn't **. mustn't means something is not allowed.
must can show obligation (You must stop) or deduction (You must be joking). Use context to decide.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Ehtimal şkalası
| Əminlik | Forma | Məna |
|---|---|---|
| ~95% bəli | must | yəqin ki, mütləq (əminəm) |
| ~50% | might / may / could | ola bilər, bəlkə |
| ~95% xeyr | can't | ola bilməz (əminəm ki, yox) |
- He's been working for 12 hours. He must be tired., Yəqin ki, yorulub.
- She isn't answering. She might be in a meeting., Ola bilsin iclasdadır.
- That can't be Leyla. She's in London., O, Leyla ola bilməz.
Quruluş
modal + felin əsas forması və ya modal + be + V-ing (indi baş verən):
- They must be watching the match.
- He might be sleeping.
Azərbaycan dili ilə müqayisə
Azərbaycan dilində bu məna **-malıdır **, **yəqin **, **ola bilər **, ola bilməz ilə verilir: O, evdə olmalıdır, bu ifadə həm 'evdə qalmağa borcludur', həm də 'yəqin evdədir' kimi anlaşıla bilər. İngilis dilindəki must da eyni ikili mənaya malikdir. Kontekstə baxın.
Ən çox edilən səhv: mustn't
Əminliklə 'yox' demək üçün mustn't yox, can't işlənir:
- He can't be at home, his car isn't here. ✔
- He mustn't be at home. ✘ (mustn't = qadağa)
may, might, could
Bu üçü demək olar ki, eyni mənadadır. İnkar formalar fərqlidir: might not / may not = bəlkə də yox. couldn't isə can't kimi 'qeyri-mümkün' mənasına yaxındır.
Öhdəlik və nəticə
- You must wear a seatbelt., öhdəlik
- You must be Murad's brother. You look just like him., nəticə (deduction)
Examples
The lights are off. They must be asleep.
İşıqlar sönüb. Yəqin ki, yatıblar.
You've been travelling all day. You must be exhausted.
Bütün günü yoldasan. Yəqin çox yorulmusan.
I'm not sure where Kamran is. He might be at the library.
Kamranın harada olduğunu bilmirəm. Ola bilsin kitabxanadadır.
This can't be the right address. It's a car park.
Bu düzgün ünvan ola bilməz. Burası avtomobil dayanacağıdır.
She may not know about the meeting.
Bəlkə də o, iclasdan xəbərsizdir.
Someone is knocking. It could be the delivery driver.
Kimsə qapını döyür. Kuryer ola bilər.
They must be having a party next door. The music is so loud.
Yəqin qonşuda ziyafət var. Musiqi çox ucadır.
must + be + V-ing
Common mistakes
He mustn't be at home. His car isn't there.
He can't be at home. His car isn't there.
Əminliklə inkar üçün can't işlənir. mustn't qadağa bildirir.
She must to be at work.
She must be at work.
Modal fellərdən sonra to işlənmir.
Maybe he might be ill.
He might be ill. / Maybe he's ill.
maybe və might eyni mənanı verir, ikisini birlikdə işlətmək təkrardır.
It can be true, but I'm not sure.
It could be true, but I'm not sure.
Konkret indiki ehtimal üçün could/might/may daha təbiidir; can ümumi imkan bildirir.
Vocabulary
- be joking phrase
- to say something that is not seriouszarafat etmək“You must be joking!”
- certain adjective
- completely sureəmin, şübhəsiz“I'm certain she's telling the truth.”
- conclusion noun
- a decision you make after thinking about the factsnəticə“What conclusion can we draw from this?”
- deduce verb
- to reach a conclusion from the facts you havenəticə çıxarmaq“From the mud on his shoes, I deduced he had been in the garden.”
- evidence noun
- facts or information that support a claimdəlil, sübut“The essay lacks sufficient evidence to support its claims.”
- guess verb
- to give an answer without being suretəxmin etmək“Can you guess how old she is?”
- obviously adverb
- in a way that is easy to see or understandaşkar şəkildə, açıq-aydın“She's obviously upset.”
- possibly adverb
- used to make a request more politemümkünsə, bəlkə“Could you possibly lend me your car?”