Modals review
Modal fellərin təkrarı
After this lesson you can
- Can express obligation, permission, ability, advice and deduction with the appropriate modal verbs.
- Can use past modals (must have, can't have, should have, needn't have) accurately.
- Can distinguish between mustn't and don't have to, and between needn't have and didn't need to.
Explanation
Modal verbs are followed by the bare infinitive and do not take -s: she can swim. Have to, ought to and be able to are exceptions.
Must expresses the speaker's own obligation; have to expresses external rules. Mustn't means 'it is forbidden', while don't have to means 'it is not necessary'. For deduction, must = I'm sure it's true, can't = I'm sure it's not, might/may/could = possibly.
For the past, use modal + have + past participle: must have forgotten, can't have seen, might have left, should have listened. Needn't have done means you did something unnecessary; didn't need to do simply means it wasn't necessary.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Modal fellərin əsas qaydası
Modal fellərdən sonra to-suz V1 gəlir, üçüncü şəxsdə -s artırılmır: She can swim. (She cans və ya can to swim səhvdir). İstisna: have to, ought to, need to, be able to.
Mənalara görə
- Öhdəlik: must (danışanın fikri), have to (xarici qayda): I must call Mum. We have to wear a uniform.
- **Qadağa və lazımsızlıq **: mustn't = olmaz; don't have to = məcburi deyil. You mustn't smoke here. / You don't have to come. Azərbaycan dilində «getməməlisən» və «getməyə məcbur deyilsən» fərqlidir – ingiliscə də eləcə.
- Məsləhət: should, ought to, had better (xəbərdarlıq tonu): You 'd better leave now.
- Bacarıq və icazə: can, could, be able to, may (formal icazə).
- Ehtimal (indi): must (əminəm ki, bəli), can't (əminəm ki, yox), might/may/could (bəlkə): He must be at home, the light is on.
Keçmiş üçün: modal + have + V3
- must have done – keçmişdə yəqin ki olub: She must have forgotten.
- can't / couldn't have done – ola bilməz ki: He can't have seen us.
- might / may / could have done – bəlkə olub
- should have done – etməli idin, amma etmədin (tənqid, peşmanlıq): I should have listened.
- could have done – imkan var idi, istifadə olunmadı.
needn't have vs didn't need to
- I needn't have bought milk. – almışam, amma lazım deyildi.
- I didn't need to buy milk. – lazım deyildi (çox vaxt almamışam).
Azərbaycan dilində «-malı idi», «-mış olmalıdır», «ola bilsin ki» kimi ifadələr bu mənaları verir.
Examples
You mustn't park here, it's an ambulance entrance.
Burada maşın saxlamaq olmaz – təcili yardım girişidir.
You don't have to bring anything; we have plenty of food.
Heç nə gətirmək məcburiyyətində deyilsən, yeməyimiz çoxdur.
She must be tired after such a long flight.
Bu qədər uzun uçuşdan sonra o, yəqin ki, yorğundur.
They can't have finished already, they only started an hour ago.
Onlar artıq bitirmiş ola bilməzlər – cəmi bir saat əvvəl başlayıblar.
I should have saved my work before the computer crashed.
Kompüter sıradan çıxmazdan əvvəl işimi yadda saxlamalı idim.
He might have missed the bus.
Ola bilsin ki, o, avtobusa gecikib.
We needn't have taken a taxi, the station was very close.
Taksiyə minməyimizə ehtiyac yox idi – stansiya çox yaxın idi.
Taksiyə miniblər, amma lazım deyildi.
Common mistakes
He can to speak three languages.
He can speak three languages.
Modal fellərdən sonra to işlənmir.
You mustn't come to the meeting if you're busy.
You don't have to come to the meeting if you're busy.
Məcburi olmadığını bildirmək üçün don't have to; mustn't qadağa deməkdir.
She must forget her keys yesterday.
She must have forgotten her keys yesterday.
Keçmiş haqqında ehtimal: must have + V3.
You should told me earlier.
You should have told me earlier.
Keçmişə aid tənqid: should have + V3; modaldan sonra Past Simple işlənmir.
Vocabulary
- compulsory adjective
- required by a rule or lawməcburi“Wearing a seat belt is compulsory.”
- deduction noun
- a conclusion based on evidenceçıxarış, nəticə“Her deduction was that the letter had been sent by mistake.”
- forbidden adjective
- not allowedqadağan olunmuş“Photography is forbidden inside the museum.”
- had better phrase
- used to give strong advice, often with a warningyaxşı olar ki (xəbərdarlıq)“You'd better hurry or you'll miss the train.”
- obligation noun
- something you must do because of a rule or dutyöhdəlik“There is a legal obligation to report the incident.”
- optional adjective
- that you can choose to do or notkönüllü, seçmə“The evening tour is optional.”
- permission noun
- the act of allowing someone to do somethingicazə“You need permission to access the archive.”