Reported speech review
Vasitəli nitqin təkrarı
After this lesson you can
- Can report statements, questions and commands with correct tense and pronoun changes.
- Can use reporting verbs such as suggest, admit, warn and refuse with the right patterns.
- Can decide when backshift is necessary and when it is optional.
Explanation
When the reporting verb is in the past, tenses usually move one step back: am → was, will → would, did → had done. Backshift is optional if the information is still true. Time and place words also change: tomorrow → the next day, here → there.
Tell needs a person (told me); say does not (said that). Reported questions use statement word order with no auxiliary do: He asked where I lived. Use if/whether for yes/no questions. Commands use tell/ask + person + (not) to + verb.
Use precise reporting verbs: suggest + -ing, admit/deny + -ing, refuse/promise + to-infinitive, warn/advise/remind + person + to-infinitive, apologise for + -ing.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Zaman geri çəkilməsi (backshift)
Xəbər feli keçmişdədirsə (said, told), adətən zaman bir addım geri çəkilir:
| Birbaşa | Vasitəli |
|---|---|
| am/is | was |
| did / have done | had done |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| must | had to / must |
"I'm tired," she said. → She said (that) she was tired.
Məlumat hələ də doğrudursa, geri çəkilmə məcburi deyil: He said the museum opens at ten. Yer və vaxt sözləri də dəyişir: today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, here → there, ago → before.
Azərbaycan dilində vasitəli nitq çox vaxt -dığını, -acağını və ya ki ilə qurulur və zaman dəyişmir: Dedi ki, yorğunam. Ona görə Azərbaycan dilli öyrənənlər geri çəkilməni tez-tez unudur.
say və tell
tell həmişə şəxs tələb edir: She told me that... say şəxssiz işlənir və ya to ilə: She said (to me) that... She said me – səhvdir.
Suallar
Vasitəli sualda söz sırası nəqli cümlə kimidir, do/does/did işlənmir, sual işarəsi qoyulmur:
- "Where do you live?" → He asked me where I lived.
- Ümumi suallarda if / whether: She asked if I was ready.
Əmrlər və xahişlər
tell / ask + şəxs + (not) to + V1: He told us not to touch it.
Xəbər felləri
Sadəcə said əvəzinə daha dəqiq fellər işlədin:
- suggest + V-ing / that: She suggested taking a taxi. (suggest me to – səhv)
- admit / deny + V-ing: He admitted breaking the vase.
- refuse / offer / promise / agree + to V1
- warn / advise / remind / persuade + şəxs + to V1
- apologise for / accuse sb of / insist on + V-ing
Examples
She said she was looking for a new job.
O dedi ki, yeni iş axtarır.
He told me he had already paid the bill.
O, mənə hesabı artıq ödədiyini dedi.
They asked us whether we had booked a table.
Onlar bizdən masa sifariş edib-etmədiyimizi soruşdular.
The teacher asked where I had learned French.
Müəllim fransız dilini harada öyrəndiyimi soruşdu.
Söz sırası: where + subyekt + fel.
The doctor advised me to get more sleep.
Həkim mənə daha çox yatmağı məsləhət gördü.
My friend suggested going to the cinema.
Dostum kinoya getməyi təklif etdi.
He denied taking the money.
O, pulu götürdüyünü inkar etdi.
She reminded me not to forget my passport.
O, pasportumu unutmamağı mənə xatırlatdı.
Common mistakes
She said me that she was busy.
She told me that she was busy.
Şəxs göstərilirsə tell işlənir; say-dən sonra birbaşa şəxs gəlmir.
He asked me where do I work.
He asked me where I worked.
Vasitəli sualda söz sırası nəqli cümlədəki kimidir və do işlənmir.
My boss suggested me to take a break.
My boss suggested that I take a break. / My boss suggested taking a break.
suggest-dən sonra şəxs + to-infinitive gəlmir; V-ing və ya that-cümlə işlənir.
He said that he will call tomorrow.
He said that he would call the next day.
Keçmişdə deyilmiş sözdə will → would, tomorrow → the next day olur.
Vocabulary
- accuse verb
- to say that someone has done something wrongittiham etmək“She accused me of lying.”
- deny verb
- to say that something is not trueinkar etmək“He denied knowing the suspect.”
- insist verb
- to demand something forcefullytəkid etmək, israr etmək“She insisted that he apologize.”