Passive and causative review
Məchul növ və kauzativin təkrarı
After this lesson you can
- Can form the passive in all common tenses and with modal verbs.
- Can use impersonal reporting structures such as It is said that and He is believed to.
- Can use have/get something done to talk about services and experiences.
Explanation
The passive is formed with be + past participle; the tense is shown by be: is being repaired, has been sent, will be announced, must be done. Use it when the agent is unknown or unimportant, and in formal or scientific writing. Add by to name the agent.
Reporting passives are common in news: It is said that… or He is said to be…, with to have + past participle for earlier events: He is thought to have left.
The causative have/get + object + past participle shows that someone else does a service for us: I had my car serviced. Word order matters: I had cut my hair means I did it myself. It also describes bad experiences: She had her bag stolen.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Məchul növün qurulması
Məchul növ: be + V3 (past participle). Zaman be felində göstərilir:
- The bridge is being repaired. (indi davam edir)
- The report has been sent.
- The museum was built in 1920.
- The results will be announced tomorrow.
- It must be done today. (modal + be + V3)
Azərbaycan dilində məchulluq fel kökünə -ıl/-il/-ul/-ül, -n şəkilçiləri artırmaqla yaranır: tikildi, göndərilib, elan olunacaq. İngilis dilində isə köməkçi be mütləqdir. Ən çox rast gəlinən səhv be-ni buraxmaqdır: The house built in 1990 (düzgün: was built).
Nə vaxt məchul?
- İcraçı məlum deyil və ya vacib deyil: My bike was stolen.
- Elmi və rəsmi mətnlərdə: The samples were analysed.
- İcraçını vurğulamaq üçün sonda by ilə: The novel was written by a teenager.
Xəbər verən məchul strukturlar
Rəsmi və xəbər üslubunda:
- It is said / believed / reported that + cümlə: It is believed that the painting is fake.
- Subyekt + is said / thought + to-infinitive: The painting is believed to be fake.
- Keçmiş hadisə üçün to have + V3: He is thought to have left the country.
Kauzativ: have / get something done
İşi başqası bizim üçün görür: I had my hair cut. (saçımı kəsdirdim). Azərbaycan dilindəki -dır/-dir/-t şəkilçisinə (kəsdirmək, təmir etdirmək) uyğundur. Söz sırası vacibdir: have + obyekt + V3.
- I had cut my hair – özüm kəsmişdim (Past Perfect).
- I had my hair cut – başqası kəsdi.
get daha danışıq üslubudur: We need to get the roof fixed. Bu quruluş xoşagəlməz hadisələr üçün də işlənir: She had her phone stolen.
Examples
The new airport terminal is being built right now.
Yeni hava limanı terminalı hazırda tikilir.
All the tickets have been sold.
Bütün biletlər satılıb.
The decision will be made next week.
Qərar gələn həftə veriləcək.
It is reported that the talks have failed.
Danışıqların uğursuz olduğu bildirilir.
The company is thought to have lost millions.
Şirkətin milyonlar itirdiyi güman edilir.
to have + V3 – keçmiş hadisə.
I'm having my flat painted next month.
Gələn ay mənzilimi rənglətdirəcəyəm.
He got his passport renewed in two days.
O, pasportunu iki günə yenilətdi.
We had our car broken into last night.
Dünən gecə maşınımızı sındırdılar.
Xoşagəlməz hadisə – kauzativ quruluş.
Common mistakes
This house built in 1990.
This house was built in 1990.
Məchul növdə köməkçi be mütləqdir; Azərbaycan dilində şəkilçi kifayət edir, ingilis dilində yox.
I cut my hair at the hairdresser's.
I had my hair cut at the hairdresser's.
İşi başqası görürsə, kauzativ have something done işlənir.
I had repaired my car yesterday by a mechanic.
I had my car repaired yesterday.
Kauzativdə söz sırası: have + obyekt + V3.
He is said that he is very rich.
It is said that he is very rich. / He is said to be very rich.
Ya It is said that + cümlə, ya da subyekt + is said + to-infinitive işlənir; ikisi qarışdırılmır.
Vocabulary
- agent noun
- the person or thing that performs the action in a passive sentenceicraçı, hərəkəti edən“In 'The book was written by Orwell', Orwell is the agent.”
- allegedly adverb
- used to say that something is claimed to be true but not provedguya, iddiaya görə“The minister allegedly accepted bribes.”
- suspect verb
- to believe something is true without proofşübhələnmək“He is suspected of taking the files.”