Linking words: although, however, despite
Ziddiyyət bildirən bağlayıcılar: although, however, despite
After this lesson you can
- Can express contrast using but, although, even though, however and while.
- Can use despite and in spite of with nouns and -ing forms.
- Can punctuate sentences with however correctly.
Explanation
although / even though + clause
Although it was late, they kept talking. even though is stronger.
despite / in spite of + noun or -ing
Despite the traffic, we arrived on time. In spite of feeling ill, he went to work. Never say despite of. To use a clause, say despite the fact that ...
however
Connects two sentences. Usually at the start of the second sentence, followed by a comma: The plan was good. However, it was too expensive.
but, while, whereas
but joins two parts of one sentence. while/whereas compare two different facts: I like tea, whereas my wife prefers coffee.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Azərbaycan dilində
Biz baxmayaraq ki, ...-masına baxmayaraq, amma, lakin, buna baxmayaraq deyirik. İngilis dilində də oxşar sözlər var, lakin hər birinin özünəməxsus quruluşu var. Ən çox səhv məhz bu quruluşlarda edilir.
1. although / even though / though + cümlə
although = baxmayaraq ki. Ondan sonra tam cümlə (subject + verb) gəlir.
- Although it was cold, we went swimming.
- We went swimming although it was cold.
even though daha güclüdür (hətta ... olmasına baxmayaraq). though danışıqda işlənir və cümlənin sonunda da gələ bilər: It was cold. We enjoyed it, though.
2. despite / in spite of + isim və ya V-ing
despite = in spite of = ...-masına baxmayaraq. Ondan sonra **cümlə yox **, isim və ya -ing gəlir:
- Despite the rain, we went out.
- In spite of being tired, she kept working.
- Despite the fact that it was raining, ..., cümlə işlətmək istəyirsinizsə, the fact that əlavə edin.
**despite of **, belə forma yoxdur! Ya **despite **, ya da in spite of.
3. however
however = lakin, buna baxmayaraq. İki ayrı cümləni birləşdirir və adətən yeni cümlənin əvvəlində, vergüllə gəlir:
- The hotel was expensive. However, it was very comfortable.
Rəsmi yazıda çox işlənir. but isə iki hissəni bir cümlədə birləşdirir: It was expensive, but comfortable.
4. while / whereas
İki fərqli faktı müqayisə edir: My brother loves football, while I prefer chess.
Xülasə
| Söz | Sonra nə gəlir? |
|---|---|
| although, even though | subject + verb |
| despite, in spite of | isim / V-ing |
| however | yeni cümlə, vergüllə |
Examples
Although he studied hard, he didn't pass the exam.
Çox oxumasına baxmayaraq, imtahandan keçmədi.
Despite the bad weather, the flight left on time.
Pis havaya baxmayaraq, reys vaxtında yola düşdü.
In spite of being very young, she manages a team of ten people.
Çox gənc olmasına baxmayaraq, o, on nəfərlik komandaya rəhbərlik edir.
The flat is small. However, it's in a great location.
Mənzil kiçikdir. Lakin çox yaxşı yerdə yerləşir.
Even though I was exhausted, I couldn't sleep.
Çox yorğun olsam da, yata bilmədim.
My father prefers the village, while my mother loves city life.
Atam kəndi üstün tutur, anam isə şəhər həyatını sevir.
Despite the fact that it was expensive, we bought it.
Baha olmasına baxmayaraq, onu aldıq.
Common mistakes
Despite of the rain, we played football.
Despite the rain, we played football.
despite-dən sonra of işlənmir. Alternativ: In spite of the rain.
Despite it was raining, we went out.
Although it was raining, we went out.
despite-dən sonra cümlə (subject + verb) gəlmir. Cümlə üçün although işlədin.
Although it was late, but we continued.
Although it was late, we continued.
Azərbaycan dilində 'baxmayaraq ki ..., amma ...' deyilə bilər, ingilis dilində although və but birlikdə işlənmir.
It was cheap, however it was bad.
It was cheap. However, it was bad.
however iki ayrı cümləni bağlayır: nöqtə (və ya nöqtəli vergül) + However + vergül.
Vocabulary
- although conjunction
- used to introduce a fact that makes the main statement surprisingbaxmayaraq ki“Although she was ill, she came to work.”
- despite preposition
- without being stopped by something...-masına baxmayaraq“Despite the noise, the baby slept.”
- however adverb
- used to introduce a contrast with what was said beforelakin, buna baxmayaraq“It's a good idea. However, we don't have the budget.”
- manage to phrase
- to succeed in doing something difficultbacarmaq, nail olmaq“Despite the traffic, we managed to arrive on time.”
- nevertheless adverb
- despite what has just been saidbuna baxmayaraq“The task was difficult. Nevertheless, we completed it on time.”
- on the other hand phrase
- used to give an opposite pointdigər tərəfdən“On the other hand, it's very expensive.”
- traffic jam noun
- a long line of vehicles that cannot movetıxac“In spite of the traffic jam, she wasn't late.”
- whereas conjunction
- used to compare two facts and show a differencehalbuki, ...isə“He likes tea, whereas his wife prefers coffee.”