Past modals of deduction
Keçmiş haqqında ehtimal bildirən modal fellər
After this lesson you can
- Can make logical deductions about the past with must have, might have and can't have.
- Can express how certain they are about past events.
- Can criticise past actions with should have and shouldn't have.
Explanation
Past deduction
Use modal + have + past participle to guess about the past.
- must have = I'm almost sure it happened: It must have rained.
- might / may / could have = maybe: She might have missed the bus.
- can't / couldn't have = I'm almost sure it didn't happen: He can't have seen me.
The opposite of must have is can't have, not mustn't have.
should have / shouldn't have criticise past actions: You should have told me.
In speech, have sounds like /əv/, but always write have, never of.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Quruluş
Keçmiş haqqında nəticə çıxaranda modal + have + V3 işlədirik. Modal felin özü dəyişmir, keçmişi have + V3 göstərir.
| Əminlik | Quruluş | Azərbaycanca | Nümunə |
|---|---|---|---|
| ~95% bəli | must have + V3 | yəqin ki, şübhəsiz | The streets are wet. It must have rained. |
| ~50% | might / may / could have + V3 | ola bilsin, bəlkə | She might have missed the bus. |
| ~95% xeyr | can't / couldn't have + V3 | ola bilməz ki | He can't have seen me. It was dark. |
Diqqət: must haveın inkarı
**must have **-in əksi mustn't have deyil, can't have-dir. Mustn't qadağa bildirir və bu mənada keçmişdə işlənmir: He mustn't have known → He can't have known.
should have, tənqid və peşmanlıq
should have + V3, edilməli idi, amma edilmədi:
- You should have told me. (Mənə deməli idin.) shouldn't have + V3, edilməməli idi, amma edildi:
- I shouldn't have eaten so much.
Azərbaycan dilində bu mənalar çox vaxt ədatlarla verilir: yəqin, bəlkə, görəsən, -malı idi. İngiliscədə isə bütün yük modal feldədir, ona görə have hissəsini unutmamaq vacibdir.
Tələffüz
Danışıqda have zəif tələffüz olunur: must've /ˈmʌstəv/, might've, should've, can't've (sonuncu yazıda işlənmir). Yazıda heç vaxt must of yazmayın.
Tipik səhvlər
- V3 əvəzinə V2:
must have went→ must have gone. - have unudulur:
She must forgot→ She must have forgotten. - İndiki forma ilə qarışdırmaq: He must be tired (indi) ≠ He must have been tired (keçmişdə).
Examples
The lights are off. They must have gone to bed.
İşıqlar sönüb. Yəqin ki, yatıblar.
I can't find my keys. I might have left them at work.
Açarlarımı tapa bilmirəm. Ola bilsin, işdə qoymuşam.
She can't have written this. She doesn't speak German.
Bunu o yaza bilməzdi. O, alman dilini bilmir.
Ali isn't answering. He could have fallen asleep.
Əli cavab vermir. Bəlkə yuxuya gedib.
You should have brought an umbrella.
Çətir götürməli idin.
I shouldn't have stayed up so late.
Bu qədər gec yatmamalı idim.
The exam must have been really difficult. Everyone looks upset.
İmtahan yəqin ki, çox çətin olub. Hamı kədərli görünür.
Common mistakes
He mustn't have heard the phone.
He can't have heard the phone.
must have-in inkar mənası (ola bilməz) can't have ilə verilir.
She must have went home.
She must have gone home.
have-dən sonra V3 lazımdır: go – went – gone.
You should of called me.
You should have called me.
should've tələffüzdə 'of' kimi eşidilir, amma have yazılır.
They must forgot about the meeting.
They must have forgotten about the meeting.
Keçmiş haqqında ehtimal üçün modal + have + V3 lazımdır.
Vocabulary
- clue noun
- a piece of information that helps solve a problemipucu“The detective found an important clue.”
- explanation noun
- a reason that makes something clearizah“There must be a simple explanation.”
- mess noun
- a dirty or untidy statedağınıqlıq“The kitchen was a mess after the party.”