Advanced relative clauses: whose, whom, prepositions
Mürəkkəb nisbi budaq cümlələri: whose, whom, ön qoşmalar
After this lesson you can
- Can use whose and whom correctly in formal and neutral contexts
- Can place prepositions before relative pronouns (in which, to whom) and at the end of the clause
- Can use quantifiers with relative pronouns (most of which, some of whom) and sentential which
Explanation
- whose shows possession for people and things: the boy whose father is a doctor, a company whose profits doubled. Don't confuse it with who's.
- whom is the formal object form, required after a preposition: the person to whom I spoke.
- Prepositions can go before the pronoun (formal: the house in which I grew up) or at the end (neutral: the house I grew up in). Never in that or to who.
- Quantifier + of which / of whom: three brothers, all of whom live abroad; ten books, most of which sold well.
- Sentential which refers to a whole clause: He failed, which surprised everyone.
- where = in which, when = on which, why = for which.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Azərbaycan dili ilə müqayisə
Bizdə nisbi əvəzlik yoxdur, feili sifətlə işləyirik: atası həkim olan oğlan, haqqında danışdığım kitab. İngilis dilində isə isimdən sonra nisbi əvəzlik gəlir. Ən çətin hissələr, **whose **, whom və ön qoşmalardır.
1. whose, yiyəlik
The boy whose father is a doctor, atası həkim olan oğlan.
- İnsanlar və əşyalar üçün işlənir: a company whose profits doubled.
- whose-dan sonra həmişə isim gəlir. who's (= who is) ilə qarışdırmayın!
2. whom, obyekt (rəsmi)
The woman whom I interviewed (danışıqda: who və ya heç nə). Ön qoşmadan sonra mütləq whom: the person to whom I spoke.
3. Ön qoşmanın yeri
| Rəsmi | Neytral / danışıq |
|---|---|
| the house in which I grew up | the house (that/which) I grew up in |
| the man to whom I spoke | the man (who) I spoke to |
| the topic about which we argued | the topic we argued about |
Ön qoşma əvvələ keçəndə that və who işlənmir: ✗ in that, ✗ to who.
4. Miqdar sözləri + of which / of whom
Non-defining cümlələrdə:
- I have three brothers, all of whom live abroad.
- She wrote ten books, most of which became bestsellers.
- We met many students, some of whom spoke Azerbaijani.
Azərbaycanlılar tez-tez most of them deyirlər: ✗ I have three brothers, all of them live abroad, bu iki cümləni vergüllə birləşdirmək səhvdir.
5. Bütöv cümləyə aid which
He failed the exam, which surprised everyone., Burada which bütün hadisəyə (imtahandan kəsilməyə) aiddir. Həmişə vergüldən sonra gəlir, that və ya what işlənmir.
6. where, when, why
the city where I was born = the city in which I was born; the day when we met; the reason why he left.
Examples
That's the writer whose novel won the prize.
Bu, romanı mükafat qazanan yazıçıdır.
The manager to whom you should send your CV is Ms Hasanova.
CV-nizi göndərməli olduğunuz menecer xanım Həsənovadır.
This is the flat I told you about.
Bu, sənə haqqında danışdığım mənzildir.
danışıq dili: ön qoşma sonda
The conditions under which they worked were terrible.
Onların işlədiyi şərait dəhşətli idi.
We interviewed fifty candidates, few of whom had any experience.
Əlli namizədlə müsahibə apardıq, onların az qismi təcrübəli idi.
The train was delayed by two hours, which meant we missed the concert.
Qatar iki saat gecikdi və bu, konserti buraxmağımıza səbəb oldu.
I visited the village where my grandparents had lived.
Babamla nənəmin yaşadığı kəndə baş çəkdim.
Common mistakes
The man who his car was stolen called the police.
The man whose car was stolen called the police.
Yiyəlik üçün who his yox, whose işlədilir.
The person to who I spoke was very helpful.
The person to whom I spoke was very helpful.
Ön qoşmadan sonra yalnız whom (insan) və which (əşya) gəlir.
I have two sisters, both of them are teachers.
I have two sisters, both of whom are teachers.
Vergüllə birləşdirilən ikinci hissədə them əvəzinə whom lazımdır (və ya iki ayrı cümlə).
She passed all her exams, what made her parents happy.
She passed all her exams, which made her parents happy.
Bütöv cümləyə aid olanda which işlədilir, what yox.
This is the house in that I was born.
This is the house in which I was born. / This is the house (that) I was born in.
Ön qoşmadan sonra that işlənmir.
Vocabulary
- acquaintance noun
- a person you know but not very welltanış“An acquaintance of mine, whose brother works there, got me the job.”
- circumstances noun
- the facts or conditions that affect a situationşərait, vəziyyət“The circumstances in which he left are still unclear.”
- contribute verb
- to help to cause or achieve somethingtöhfə vermək“The volunteers, many of whom were students, contributed a lot.”
- found verb
- to start an organisationtəsis etmək, əsasını qoymaq“The man who founded the company now lives in Canada.”
- inherit verb
- to receive money or property from someone who has diedmiras almaq“The house, which she inherited from her aunt, is very old.”
- property noun
- a building or land that someone ownsəmlak, mülk“The property whose owner lives abroad is for sale.”