Discourse markers and cohesion
Diskurs markerləri və mətnin bağlılığı
After this lesson you can
- Can use a range of linking words for addition, contrast, cause, result and sequence
- Can punctuate and position discourse markers correctly within and between sentences
- Can create cohesion with reference words (this, these, such, the former/the latter) and avoid repetition
Explanation
Discourse markers show how ideas connect.
- Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition, what's more
- Contrast: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, whereas, although, despite
- Cause/result: due to, owing to, therefore, as a result, consequently
- Spoken: anyway, actually, mind you, by the way
Grammar matters: conjunctions (although, whereas) join clauses; adverbs (however, therefore) usually start a new sentence and take a comma; prepositions (despite, due to) are followed by a noun or -ing. Don't join two sentences with a comma + however.
Use reference words to avoid repetition: this, these, such, the former, the latter, do so.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Bağlılıq nədir?
Yaxşı mətndə cümlələr bir-birinə bağlanır. Bunun üçün diskurs markerləri (bağlayıcı söz və ifadələr) və istinad sözləri işlədilir.
1. Funksiyaya görə markerlər
| Funksiya | Markerlər |
|---|---|
| Əlavə | moreover, furthermore, in addition, what's more, besides |
| Ziddiyyət | however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, whereas, while, although, despite |
| Səbəb | because of, due to, owing to, since, as |
| Nəticə | therefore, as a result, consequently, thus, so |
| Ardıcıllıq | firstly, subsequently, finally, eventually |
| Nümunə | for instance, for example, such as |
| Danışıqda | anyway, by the way, actually, mind you, as I was saying |
2. Qrammatik tip, ən vacib məsələ
Markerlər eyni cür işlənmir:
- Bağlayıcılar (although, whereas, because) iki hissəni bir cümlədə birləşdirir: Although it was late, we kept working.
- Zərflər (however, therefore, moreover) adətən yeni cümləyə başlayır və ondan sonra vergül qoyulur: It was late. However, we kept working.
- Ön qoşmalar (despite, in spite of, because of, due to) isim və ya -ing qəbul edir: *** Despite** the rain...*, Despite feeling tired...
Azərbaycanlılar tez-tez However sözünü amma kimi iki cümləni vergüllə bağlamaq üçün işlədir: ✗ It was late, however we worked. Doğrusu: It was late; however, we worked. və ya It was late, but we worked.
3. İstinad vasitələri
Eyni sözü təkrar etməmək üçün:
- this / these / such: Prices rose sharply. This led to protests. Such problems are common.
- the former / the latter (birinci / ikinci): Tea and coffee are popular; the latter contains more caffeine.
- one / ones, do so: She asked me to help, and I did so.
4. Rəsmi və qeyri-rəsmi
Essedə **moreover, nevertheless, consequently **; danışıqda plus, anyway, so, but still. Besides bir az danışıq dilinə aiddir.
Examples
The flat is small. However, it is in a great location.
Mənzil kiçikdir. Lakin çox yaxşı yerdə yerləşir.
Despite having little experience, she got the job.
Təcrübəsi az olmasına baxmayaraq, işə qəbul olundu.
The course is free. Moreover, students receive a certificate.
Kurs pulsuzdur. Bundan əlavə, tələbələr sertifikat alır.
Sales fell by 20%. As a result, several shops were closed.
Satışlar 20% azaldı. Nəticədə bir neçə mağaza bağlandı.
My brother loves football, whereas I prefer chess.
Qardaşım futbolu sevir, mən isə şahmatı üstün tuturam.
Baku and Ganja are both large cities; the former is the capital.
Bakı və Gəncə böyük şəhərlərdir; birincisi paytaxtdır.
The flight was delayed due to fog.
Uçuş duman səbəbindən gecikdi.
Common mistakes
It was expensive, however I bought it.
It was expensive. However, I bought it. / It was expensive, but I bought it.
however zərfdir; iki cümləni vergüllə bağlamır. Nöqtə və ya nöqtəli vergül lazımdır.
Despite it was raining, we went out.
Despite the rain, we went out. / Although it was raining, we went out.
despite-dan sonra tam cümlə yox, isim və ya -ing gəlir.
Although he was tired, but he continued.
Although he was tired, he continued.
Azərbaycan dilində 'baxmayaraq ..., amma' deyə bilərik, ingilis dilində although və but birlikdə işlənmir.
Due to the traffic was bad, I was late.
Due to the bad traffic, I was late. / Because the traffic was bad, I was late.
due to ön qoşmadır, ondan sonra isim gəlir.
On the other side, the plan is expensive.
On the other hand, the plan is expensive.
Sabit ifadə: on the other hand ('digər tərəfdən' sözbəsöz tərcümə edilmir).
Vocabulary
- coherent adjective
- logical and well organisedməntiqi ardıcıl, ahəngdar“A coherent argument flows smoothly from one point to the next.”
- consequently adverb
- as a resultnəticə etibarilə“The policy was poorly designed; consequently, it failed.”
- furthermore adverb
- in addition (formal)bundan əlavə“Furthermore, the policy reduces pollution.”
- mind you phrase
- used in speech to add a contrasting point(danışıqda) amma bunu da deyim ki“The food was great. Mind you, it was expensive.”
- owing to preposition
- because of... səbəbindən“The event was postponed owing to bad weather.”
- the latter noun phrase
- the second of two things just mentionedsonuncusu, ikincisi“I was offered a car or a bonus, and I chose the latter.”