Past Perfect Continuous and advanced narrative
Keçmiş bitmiş davamedici zaman və təhkiyə
After this lesson you can
- Can use the past perfect continuous to describe an activity that continued up to a point in the past
- Can explain past results and situations by referring to earlier ongoing activities
- Can combine past simple, past continuous, past perfect and past perfect continuous in a coherent story
Explanation
Form
had been + verb-ing (I'd been waiting, she hadn't been sleeping).
Use
- An activity that continued up to a moment in the past, often with for/since: They had been talking for an hour when I arrived.
- The cause of a past result: Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
The past perfect simple focuses on completion or number (had written three emails); the continuous focuses on duration and process (had been writing all morning). State verbs such as know or own stay in the simple form.
In stories, use the past simple for main events, the past continuous for background, and the past perfect forms for earlier events and activities.
Azərbaycan dilində ətraflı izah
Forma
had been + feil-ing: I had been waiting, She had been working. Bütün şəxslər üçün forma eynidir. Qısaltma: **I'd been **, **she'd been **. İnkar: **hadn't been working **. Sual: Had you been waiting long?
Nə vaxt işlədilir?
- Keçmişdəki bir anadək davam edən hərəkət (çox vaxt for və since ilə): When I arrived, they had been talking for an hour., Mən gələndə onlar artıq bir saat idi ki, danışırdılar.
- Keçmişdəki nəticənin səbəbi: Her eyes were red because she had been crying., Gözləri qızarmışdı, çünki ağlamışdı (bir müddət ağlayırdı).
Azərbaycan dilində bu məna çox vaxt -ırdı və ya -mışdı ilə, bəzən də artıq ... idi ki konstruksiyası ilə verilir. İngilis dilində isə müddət vurğulananda mütləq had been + -ing lazımdır.
Past Perfect və Past Perfect Continuous
- Past Perfect nəticəni, bitmiş işi və ya sayı göstərir: She had written three emails.
- Past Perfect Continuous prosesi və müddəti vurğulayır: She had been writing emails all morning.
Say (three emails, five times) olanda davamedici forma işlədilmir.
Hal feilləri
know, believe, own, belong, understand kimi hal feilləri adətən davamedici formada işlənmir: I had known him for years (✗ had been knowing).
Təhkiyədə zamanlar
Yaxşı hekayədə zamanlar birlikdə işləyir:
| Zaman | Funksiya |
|---|---|
| Past Simple | əsas hadisələr |
| Past Continuous | fon, o anda gedən proses |
| Past Perfect | daha əvvəl bitmiş hadisə |
| Past Perfect Continuous | daha əvvəl davam etmiş proses |
*It **was raining *. I had been walking for hours and I had lost my map, so when I saw a light, I ran towards it.
Examples
We had been driving for six hours when the car broke down.
Maşın xarab olanda biz artıq altı saat idi ki, yol gedirdik.
The ground was wet because it had been raining all night.
Yer yaş idi, çünki bütün gecə yağış yağmışdı.
nəticə + səbəb
How long had you been studying English before you moved to London?
Londona köçməzdən əvvəl neçə müddət ingilis dili öyrənmişdin?
She was exhausted. She'd been looking after three children all day.
O, çox yorğun idi. Bütün günü üç uşağa baxmışdı.
I hadn't been sleeping well, so I made a lot of mistakes at work.
Yaxşı yatmırdım, ona görə də işdə çoxlu səhv edirdim.
He had been working at the bank for ten years when he finally got a promotion.
O, nəhayət vəzifə artımı alanda artıq on il idi ki, bankda işləyirdi.
By the time the police arrived, the thieves had escaped.
Polis gələnədək oğrular qaçmışdı.
bitmiş hadisə, Past Perfect Simple
Common mistakes
When I met him, he was living in Baku for five years.
When I met him, he had been living in Baku for five years.
Azərbaycan dilində 'yaşayırdı' deyirik, amma keçmişdəki bir anadək davam edən müddət (for five years) olduqda ingilis dilində had been + -ing lazımdır.
She had been writing three reports before lunch.
She had written three reports before lunch.
Say göstəriləndə (three reports) nəticə vurğulanır, ona görə Past Perfect Simple işlədilir.
I had been knowing her since school.
I had known her since school.
know hal feilidir, davamedici formada işlənmir.
They had been wait for an hour.
They had been waiting for an hour.
been-dən sonra feil mütləq -ing formasında olmalıdır.
Vocabulary
- make progress verb phrase
- to improve or move forward towards a goalirəliləyiş əldə etmək“She had been practising every day, so she made fast progress.”
- on the verge of phrase
- very close to doing or experiencing somethingastanasında, az qala“He was on the verge of giving up when the phone rang.”
- soaked adjective
- completely wetislanmış, sırsıklam“His clothes were soaked because he had been walking in the rain.”
- suspicious adjective
- feeling that something is wrong or that someone is dishonestşübhəli; şübhələnən“The guard became suspicious because the man had been standing there for ages.”